Food Processing :: essays research papers

Food Processing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of mankind science has searched into the realms of the unknown. Along with it bringing new discoveries, allowing for our lives to become healthier, more efficient, safer, and at the same time, possibly more dangerous. Among the forces driving scientists into these many experiments, is the desire to preserve the one fuel that keeps our lives going; FOOD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As early as the beginning of the 19th century, major breakthroughs in food preservation had begun. Soldiers and seamen, fighting in Napoleons army were living off of salt-preserved meats. These poorly cured foods provided minimal nutritional value, and frequent outbreaks of scurvy were developing. It was Napoleon who began the search for a better mechanism of food preservation, and it was he who offered 12,000-franc pieces to the person who devised a safe and dependable food-preservation process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The winner was a French chemist named Nicolas Appert. He observed that food heated in sealed containers was preserved as long as the container remained unopened or the seal did not leak. This became the turning point in food preservation history. Fifty years following the discovery by Nicolas Appert, another breakthrough had developed. Another Frenchman, named Louis Pasteur, noted the relationship between microorganisms and food spoilage. This breakthrough increased the dependability of the food canning process. As the years passed new techniques assuring food preservation would come and go, opening new doors to further research.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Farmers grow fruits and vegetables and fatten livestock. The fruits and vegetables are harvested, and the livestock is slaughtered for food. What happens between the time food leaves the farm and the time it is eaten at the table? Like all living things, the plants and animals that become food contain tiny organisms called microorganisms. Living, healthy plants and animals automatically control most of these microorganisms. But when the plants and animals are killed, the organisms yeast, mold, and bacteria begin to multiply, causing the food to lose flavor and change in color and texture. Just as important, food loses the nutrients that are necessary to build and replenish human bodies. All these changes in the food are what people refer to as food spoilage. To keep the food from spoiling, usually in only a few days, it is preserved. Many kinds of agents are potentially destructive to the healthful characteristics of fresh foods. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, rapidly spoil food. Enzymes which are present in all raw food, promote degradation and chemical changes affecting especially texture and flavor. Atmospheric oxygen may react with food constituents, causing rancidity or color changes. Equally as harmful are infestations by insects and rodents, which

Chapter 1 Essay

The problem and its background 1.1 Introduction A peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people. It may be defined as a group of people who share similarities such as age, background, and social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and behavior. Also, a peer group can have a serious effect in an academic status of a person. School is where many children meet peers, form friendships, and take part in groups. For friendless, rejected, or victimized children, the school must be a less-than desirable context and certainly a place that is unlikely to promote learning or well-being (Tarrant, 2002). Individuals tend to study in groups because of the fact that studying with peers is easier and fun. The study group environment offers students the opportunity to engage in a more in-depth discussion with peers, sharing information and knowledge about a course they are collectively enrolled in. Peer group studying can help with the issue of procrastination. Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time before the due date. When involved in a study group, meeting at scheduled times can keep the active participants from procrastinating. In addition, individuals in study groups are less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other people are relying on them. Also, it can help in understanding information more efficiently; students tend to learn faster working within a group than working alone. If a student was working on his/her own, there would be a lot of time wasted puzzling over the difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they have the opportunity to explain concepts, review material, exchange ideas, and disagree/reason with one another about why one person’s answer differs from another. Thus, one can seek clarification and learn faster working in a group setting while gaining personal skills. In other countries, governments and officials are supporting peer group studying; they see it as a more effective way in learning. A number of programs focused on the early identification of at-risk students exist at the institutions in this peer group. All of these programs are designed to ease the transition from secondary school to higher education, particularly for students who are likely to be at risk once in  the university, and/or to identify these students once they have begun their first semester classes. They are overall aggressive in helping those students who need help (Sherif, 1964). In the Philippines, no agencies or government are supporting this kind of study, but individuals especially students are influenced by peer group studying. Filipino students are more comfortable in studying with their peers rather than studying alone (Benilde Students, 2008). In the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila, peer group studying is applied by some students, they also tend to see that group studying is more effective way to learn the lesson or courses they are studying (Lyceum Students, 2010). Nevertheless, peer group studying still have disadvantages to an individual. Peer pressure is the pressing of a member of the collective group to behave in a manner that s/he finds unacceptable. Often, when parents are telling their children they may not participate in a behavior, a child responds with what the other kids are doing. This response demonstrates a level of pressure felt by the child to participate in an activity or behavior. Another disadvantage is the feelings associated with rejection. These emotions include resentment, dislike, a feeling of isolationism and even depression. Also, peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence. Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding social and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors occur in the context of these groups. A study (Kertz, 2012) focused on adolescents’ engagement in risk behaviors. Participants completed a self-report measure of identity commitment, which explores values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceived peer group pressure and control. Both peer group pressure and control were positively related to risky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to their personal identity had lower rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity development may help prevent negative effects of peer pressure in high-risk adolescents (http://www.montclair.edu/media/montclairedu/residentialeducation/pdffiles/Study-Group-Tips-and-Advantages-1.pdf). Another issue about peer groups is sexual activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen years. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counselor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and results showed a strong correlation between deviant peer groups and  sexual promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age include peer pressure or pressure from their partner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_group). The aforesaid issues and concern about peer group studying have prompted the researchers to conduct a study on the effects on the academic performance of peer groups among freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. 1.2 Theoretical Framework This study will be anchored on the theory of social learning (Mead, 2004). According to this theory, children begin to perceive themselves from the perspective of the generalized other, the community as a whole. Knowing the norms and values of society, children can begin to know how their actions are perceived by the generalized other. Mead said that everyone has an â€Å"I† and a â€Å"me.† The â€Å"I† is the individual or the true self and the â€Å"me† is the way one acts in different social situations under the norms of society. Through social interaction people learn the acceptable â€Å"me†. Mead felt that children develop their â€Å"selves† through interaction. Children begin to pattern their â€Å"selves† after a role model (www.webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html). This theoretical framework can be applied to the study that mentoring has positive effects on children. The mentor acts as the generalized other and serves as a role model to the student who begins to imitate the mentor. This then reflects the positive effect of mentoring. The student changes his/her â€Å"me† to conform to the norms of society. Moreover, this study will be anchored on the theory of the Zone of Proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978). This theory focuses on the importance of a child’s culture and notes that a child is continually acting in social interactions with others. The Zone of Proximal development is defined as the gap between what a student can do alone and what the student can achieve through teacher assistance. The values and attitudes of the peer group are essential elements in learning. Those who surround themselves with academically focused peers will be more likely to internalize this type of behavior (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_of_proximal_development). This theoretical framework can be applied on the study that with assistance, student can achieve more lessons rather than studying alone. And by the help of peers, individuals can be more successful i n their field. 1.3 Conceptual Framework The conceptual paradigm below explains the advantages and disadvantages in studying with peer groups. Advantages in studying with peer groups. 1. Helps with procrastination. Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time before the due date. When in a study group, meeting at scheduled times can keep the active participants from procrastinating. In addition, individuals in study groups are less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other people are relying on them. 2. Improve new study skills. There are always ways to enhance your studying methods/techniques in your study skills. Joining a study group will provide you the opportunity to observe a wide variety of study methods and incorporate them into your regimen. Note-taking and organization skills are two major study components that continue to be improved through study groups. 3. Absorb information more efficiently. Students tend to learn faster working within a group versus working alone. If a student was working on his/her own, there would be a lot of time wasted puzzling over the difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they have the opportunity to explain concepts, review material, exchange ideas, and disagree/reason with one another about why one person’s answer differs from another. Thus, one can seek clarification and learn faster working in a group setting while gaining personal skills. Disadvantages in studying with peer groups. 1. Peer pressure. is influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to group norms. Social groups affected include membership groups, in which individuals are â€Å"formally† members (such as political parties and trade unions), or social cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to these groups. 2. Aggression and prosocial behavior. Social behaviors can be promoted or discouraged by social groups, and several studies have shown that aggression and prosociality are susceptible to peer influence. A longitudinal study done in 2011 focused on these two behaviors. A sample of adolescents was followed over a one-year  period, and results showed that adolescents who joined an aggressive group were more likely to increase their aggression levels. Also, adolescents were likely to display prosocial behaviors that were similar to the consistent behaviors of the group they were in. An adolescent’s peer group plays a role in shaping him or her into an adult, and the lack of positive behavior can lead to consequences in the future. 3. Sexual promiscuity. Adolescence is also characterized by physical changes, new emotions, and sexual urges and teenagers are likely to participate in sexual activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen year s. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counselor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and results showed a strong correlation between deviant peer groups and sexual promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age include peer pressure or pressure from their partner. The effects of sexual activity at a young age are of great concern. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are only a few of the consequences that can occur. 4. Risk behaviors. Several studies have shown that peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence. Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding social and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors occur in the context of these groups. A study done in 2012 focused on adolescents’ engagement in risk behaviors. Participants completed a self-report measure of identity commitment, which explores values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceived peer group pressure and control. Both peer group pressure and control were positively related to risky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to a personal identity had lower rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity development may help prevent negative ef fects of peer pressure in high-risk adolescents. DISADVANTAGES: STUDYING WITH PEER GROUP PEER PRESSURE ADVANTAGES: AGGRESSION AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR Helps with Procrastination SEXUAL PROMISCUITY Improve New Study Skills RISK BEHAVIORS Absorb Information More Efficiently Figure 1. Conceptual paradigm of the research. 1.4 Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to identify the academic effects of peer group study in freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions: 1. How can a student obtain the advantages in peer group studying; and 2. What are the disadvantages of peer group study; and 3. What are the programs that can help a peer group in their academics. 1.5 Significance of the Study The study focused on explaining the effects of peer group study among freshmen CITHM student of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following: Commission on Higher Education Department (CHED). The result of this study can help them provide a program for students on how they can improved their academic performance. Respondents. The respondents will have an awareness on the importance of the peer group program and its role on the improvement of their academic performance. Teachers/Mentors. The result of the study will help the teachers/mentors provide encouragement to think of ideas that will give proper guidance to the students. This may also increase their competency. Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as a reference material and a guide for future researchers who wish to conduct  the same experimental study or any study related to peer group effects. 1.6 Scope and Limitation This study covers the effects of peer group study among freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. Nevertheless this study will not cover anyone who does not belong to the respondents. Moreover, this study covers the advantages and disadvantages of peer group study. Nevertheless, this study will not cover the reasons why a respondent faces rebellion, and this study will cover what programs of the school can help the respondents study more efficiently with their peers. Nevertheless, this study will not cover social identity. The results of this study is applicable only to the respondents of this study and should not be used as a measure of the effect of mentoring program on the students who do not belong to the population of this study. 1.7 Definition of Terms The terms in this study are conceptually and operationally defined for better understanding of the readers. * Aspiration. An individual’s need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment * Course. A unit of instruction in one subject, lasting one academic term * Cram. Is the practice of working intensively to absorb large volumes of informational material in short amounts of time. * Isolationism. A policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances. * Longitudinal. A research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time * Norms. A principle of right action binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior. * Peer group. Is a group of people who are equal in some way. Those in a peer group have the same status and are about the same age. They often interact with the group as a whole. * Procrastination. To put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done. * Prosociality. Beneficial to all parties and consistent with community laws and mores. * Sexual promiscuity. Is the practice of casual sex with multiple sexual partners. * Sexually transmitted diseases. are illnesses that have a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. * Social Group. Has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity. * Victimized. To make a victim of. * Zone of Proximal development. Is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.

Terrorism Paper - 1425 Words

This social and political issue has plagued mankind for centuries, but has only recently come into the eyes of current world leaders. The events of September 11, 2001 brought this issue into the spotlight (What Is Terrorism? Pg. 1). Ladies and gentlemen, I am of course talking about the agonizing issue of terrorism. Although this issue has existed for centuries, the word terrorism has only begun being used in the second part of the 19th century (What Is Terrorism? Pg. 1). The earliest account of a terrorist act in the second part of the 19th century was in 1968 when a Palestinian terrorist hijacked an Israeli airliner (What Is Terrorism? Pg. 4). There are two other factors which aid terrorism: one being the media which informs the world†¦show more content†¦Pg. 2). 2) Terrorists may want to create a state of fear and or anxiety within the allotted population so they may better easily overthrow the government or change the current social order (What Is Terrorism? Pg. 2). 3) T errorist leaders/organizers may want the targeted government to overreact and introduce harsh counterterrorism policies, which may provoke the general public to loath or even demand the resignation of their respected government (What Is Terrorism? Pg. 2). One is reminded of the 1985 movie Brazil, set in an alternative comedic dystopia somewhere in the 20th century, in which terror-bombings are so common that they barely generate attention. In one scene set in a fancy restaurant, a bomb goes off, but the diners dont even stop chatting away, even as fires are extinguished and bodies are carried out. (The San Francisco Chronicle. Feb. 17th, 2004/May 13th, 2006) The Israeli government and Hamas are one of the many two sides of terrorism and counter-terrorism. Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyya) has one primary goal; which is the establishment of an Islamic state in all of Palestine (Hamas, Section #3). In order for them to accomplish this goal, they must declare all-out Jihad against their enemies and they must gain the participation of the entire Islamic community (Hamas, Section #3). The ideological and philosophical roots of Hamas can be found within the MuslimShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Terrorism1931 Words   |  8 PagesWhy am I here? What does terrorism, or counterterrorism, have to do with being a Patrol lieutenant? I asked these questions of myself on October 4, 2017 at 2:45 in the afternoon – The first day of this class. When I had enrolled in this course I was a Criminal Investigations Division lieutenant overseeing the unit that would be responsible for investigating anything deemed â€Å"Terrorism† for my agency. I was also the supervisor of the Executive Protection Unit. However, between enrollment and theRead MoreDomestic Terrorism Term paper702 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Excelsior College CJ 352 Domestic Terrorism Term Paper What are some of the arguments for or against the use of the internet as an intelligence-gathering tool? The internet is serving as virtual meeting for billions of users. The intelligence-gathering is leveraging the internet using hard data for online links. The social networking sites are the main complementary link to any information. The social networking sites provide the most importantRead MoreTerrorism Research Paper953 Words   |  4 Pagesfreezing of assets, with U.S. policy being â€Å"starving the terrorists of funding and shutting down the institutions that support or facilitate terrorism.† It was already illegal to provide or collect funds for acts of terrorism or to provide material support to designated terrorist organizations . 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Biomass Energy In Africa Essay - 1542 Words

The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind written by William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer talks about the deforestation in Africa, and the different type of experiments William conducted in search of possible alternative energy. Deforestation is a growing problem in Africa due to the household communities’ dependency to use wood for fuel to prepare their daily meals, or use wood to create charcoal and sell in order to buy food for their families and survive. For most households in Africa, the use of wood to make charcoal is their way of life. Without this resource, it would make it difficult for them to survive. Their dependency to use wood for fuel increases during the drought season and when it is flooding. These circumstances leave them†¦show more content†¦Both forms of biomass energy uses recycled waste products, making it cost effective. Waste management by recycling to produce biomass for an alternative energy source is cost-effective because it does not require creat ing new material to produce energy, instead uses what is readily available. It is beneficial to resolve the issues because of deforestation now, rather than allowing the expenses to accumulate and in the future face the consequences due to unresolved past issues. It is an irresponsible act to leave unresolved issues behind for our future generations to face. The use of biomass material as an alternative source of energy carries long-term benefits; we will not only save our environment now and its natural resources, but we will also save money now and for the future than can be used to better protect and improve our planet’s environment and natural resources. The use of biomass as an alternative source of energy will provide relief to deforestation because it is environmentally friendly. Biomass is a renewable type of energy; manufactured through recycled waste products to create fuel, thus helping the environment clean by reusing waste.Show MoreRelatedIntroduction. Sub-Sa haran Africa (Ssa) Holds The Largest1246 Words   |  5 PagesSub-Saharan Africa (SSA) holds the largest population in the world without electricity; about 70% of the total 1.3billion energy-poor around the world . The energy structure in SSA is challenging and dubbed by possessing inadequate capacity and unreliable means with high costs. In addition, the most expensive prices for access to electricity are paid by some of Africa’s poorest. Fortunately, distributed power in Africa does not have any policy regulations or grids to upkeep . Solar energy and biomass areRead MoreGreatpoint Energy : An Alternative Source Of Energy712 Words   |  3 PagesGreatPoint Energy Company Description- GreatPoint Energy specializes in producing of clean and low cost natural gas using coal, petroleum coke and biomass. 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Technology Has Made The Lives Of Many People Much Easier.

Technology has made the lives of many people much easier. The internet especially has been an invention that many people today do not believe they could live without. It is used daily not only to do research for papers, but also to look up recipes, book airplane flights and hotels, or even shop from the privacy of one’s own home. Even though it has become much easier to do all of these things, it has also become much simpler for the government and others to monitor our daily lives. This not only means our own privacy is compromised, but government officials who are supposed to be watching out and representing us are doing the opposite both in our own, and other countries. Should governments be allowed to implement surveillance of its†¦show more content†¦This is violated when the government infringes and essentially searches through the activity that people are doing in their own homes. In a way this is very much the same as if the government were to come in without a search warrant and look through one’s belongings. Many people would not investigate whether surveillance by the government was unconstitutional unless there was a reason to. Cases have existed in which people have gone to court against the government for invading their privacy including the Supreme Court case Alderman v. United States 1969. For the general person, many times people forget the fact that what they are looking at can be seen by others. This has led to numerous embarrassing and sometimes humiliating things that occur over and over again. In the case of Alderman v. United States 1969, the question of how far the government is allowed to go became the question. Even though nothing embarrassing happened to them, it was more embarrassing for the government. This case took place in Colorado during the period of the Cold War where Alderman and his accomplices were found guilty of transmitting murderous threats on behalf of the Soviet Union. Even though the case was he ld prior to the private use of the internet, the argument they used could still be considered valid today. It is a proven fact thatShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Effects On Society973 Words   |  4 Pages We live in an era where technology is used in almost everything. The technology market keeps improving day by day and this has made people all around the world lazy and more importantly this has made a gigantic impact on their health. Technology changes people. The addiction to technology is enormous. Many do not have social lives. With the rapid growth of technology, there has been a debate on how people are using technology in their lives. 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Empowering Students Through Critical Reading Strategies Education Essay Free Essays

string(38) " at sophisticated degrees of thought\." Introduction 1.1.BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Traditional impression of the literacy has been focused on the equal degree of proficiency of the reading and composing ability. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowering Students Through Critical Reading Strategies Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rubin ( 1993:3 ) states â€Å" A literate individual is one who can read and compose † . Since the beginning of the 20th Century literacy construct has taken on several significances. Mckenna and Robinson ( 2002 ) Literacy are a construct that has changed well over the old ages. Entering the modern society with complicated and competitory engineering and the ability to acquire and give information demand to utilize the new signifier of literacy that Multicultural, Technological, Media, Computer, Visual and Critical literary are merely a few illustrations. As an instructional attack, critical literacy has emerged in recent old ages, peculiarly in the late eightiess and early 1990s. Stevens and Bean ( 2007 ) critical literacy is an active inquiring of the stance found within, behind, and among text. Wink ( 2005:3 ) agrees to this â€Å" critical literacy is reading and composing, but it is much, much more. Critical literacy involves cognizing, tonss of cognizing. It besides in volves seeing, tonss of seeing. It enables the reader to read the societal patterns of the universe all excessively clearly. † Critical literacy really encourages readers to actively analyse texts and challenges to detect the significance of the Word and the World. Analytic reading and reading between and beyond the lines are some of its highlighted functions. Richardson, Morgan, and Fleener ( 2009:142 ) are of the sentiment that â€Å" Critical literacy is non to promote incredulity but to give pupil tools for investigation and going informed, instead than fleeceable, readers. † Cooper, Kiger and Au ( 2009:8 ) claim that from a critical literacy position, it is of import to pay attending non merely to how reading is taught, but besides to what is being read. On that history instructors should concentrate on critical literacy and promote the pupils to hold a deeper expression at texts ; specifically analyzing the relationships among texts, linguistic communication, powe r, societal groups and societal patterns. One facet of critical literacy is critical reading that is more than entree to superficially intending of the text. Critical reading occurs at a higher degree of reading to authorise pupils, through negotiating and reading critically the diverse signifiers of the text. The first serious researches and treatments of critical reading emerged during the 1967s by Willavence from Ohio State University Research Foundation under the U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The survey was mostly based upon empirical surveies that investigate â€Å" Critical Reading Ability of Elementary School Children. † Critical Reading was identified as a portion of reading comprehension and was defined as an analytical appraising type of reading in which the reader analyzes and Judgess both the content of what was stated and the effectivity of the manner it was written. In the past two decennaries, a figure of research workers have sought to find assorted dimensions of critical reading activities, accomplishments, and schemes. Developing critical reading accomplishments through whole linguistic communication schemes an empirical survey was done by Robin Combs in 1992 at Southern Nazarene University. In1998, Parviz Birjandi the celebrated Persian policy shaper and the writer of English text editions for high school and pre-university degrees, in his survey tried to look into the consequence of critical reading on the betterment of the reading comprehension ability of Persian high school pupils. The determination of the survey showed that critical reading as a station reading activity, activated the pupils ‘ background cognition which, in return, affected the comprehension of the transition. Around two decennaries working as an English linguistic communication teacher in Persian high schools and pre university centre ; touching and experiencing straight the reading jobs among the Persian pupils peculiarly in the late 1992s and early 2008s ; on the other side, the participating and cooperating of the research worker with The English Skills Department of Santa Barbara City College in a undertaking that called â€Å" CAHSEE â€Å" which takes pupils through the capable affair of the Exit Exam in a manner that challenges them to believe actively about reading, authorship, and word significance, prompted the research worker of this survey to see the inquiry of How does one read critically and actively? It was non a simple inquiry and the reply needed more than a superficially probe in reading country. Reading critically describes the attitudes or behaviours expected of a critical reader and offers schemes for bring outing implicit in messages. Kern ( 2000:29 ) â€Å" readi ng requires more than perceptual and sensory-motor accomplishments ; it besides demands the reader ‘s active engagement at a cognitive degree. † Over the five last decennaries assortment of definitions of critical reading has highlighted that the most of the research workers, have been acknowledged that reading requires the reader ‘s active engagement at a cognitive degree ( Smith1963 ; Russell1963 ; Robinson1964 ; Wolf et al.1967 ; Hess et al.1975 ; Heilman A ; Holmes1978 ; Kayser1979 ; Rubin1982 ; James1984 ; Flynn1989 ; Paul1993 ; ; Mather A ; McCarthy2005 ; Wall2005 ; Wallace A ; Wray2006 ; Gillet et Al 2008 ) . Several cognitive procedures those are similar in kernel to the Cognitive Domain of the Bloom ‘s Taxonomy of Educational Aims are suggested by these writers. Rubin ( 1993 ) believes most of the bing taxonomies are versions in one manner or another of Bloom ‘s taxonomy of educational aims in the cognitive sphere, which is concerned with the thought that pupils should accomplish in any subject. Eisner ( 2000 ) is of the sentiment Benjamin Bloom tries to uncover what pupils are believing about wh en instructors are learning. Tankersley ( 2003: 116 ) provinces, â€Å" When comprehension is deep and thorough, a reader is able to treat text at higher degrees of the thought procedure. The reader is able to use the degrees of Benjamin Bloom ‘s taxonomy ( 1956 ) and do significance at more sophisticated degrees. This yarn is reading at the rating, synthesis, analysis, and reading degrees. Good readers can supervise their ain comprehension, interpret charts and graphs while reading, sum up as they read, make connexions while reading, and procedure text after reading at sophisticated degrees of thought. You read "Empowering Students Through Critical Reading Strategies Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" † Learning to synthesise, measure, and procedure information in new ways is the key to fixing pupils for the universe outside of school. It appears that some attending should be given to direction in the accomplishments of critical reading in today ‘s schools if pupils are to be adequately prepared to function as to the full working citizens. Goals of school course of study in Iran frequently include a statement of the desirableness of critical reading accomplishments ; nevertheless, there is rarely a consecutive program for the development of these accomplishments below Pre- university degree. Reading and interlingual rendition have cardinal place in Persian current EFL text books ( Eslami-Rasekh A ; Fatahi 2008 ) . Therefore, the highlighted methods in most schools are combination of grammar-translation and audio-lingual methods ( Eslami-Rasekh 2004 ) . What motivated this research were the ascertained jobs in EFL reading categories in Persian high school and pre-university centres. Furthermore, critical reading has non normally been a major focal point of learning and research in Iran and empirical research in critical reading has been limited chiefly to university degree. The research worker has considered the value of critical reading schemes and seek to show, through sample reading lesson, alternate possibilities for reading activities which, besides being more interesting for pupils, can assist them go more active, and more critical readers. The major benefit of the lesson on critical reading is the high degree of enthusiastic pupil engagement. This is attributable to some extent to the freshness of the undertaking they will execute: coming up with inquiries, they thought would be answered in the text, instead than seeking to reply superficial comprehension inquiries or true-false statements prepared by the text edition author. 1.2. Statement OF THE PROBLEM The twenty-first century will necessitate scholars to utilize the four highest degrees of thinking-application, analysis, synthesis, and rating higher degrees of comprehension would evidently include higher degrees of believing Tankersley ( 2005 ) . In EFL reading categories, pupils normally do non hold the chance to execute higher order believing undertakings ( e.g. , using, speculating, analysing, synthesising, comparing, and measuring what they read ) . Consequently, they do non larn to read critically, nor do they make appraising apprehension of the text and develop their thought ability. Oftentimes, pupils get frustrated and lose motive for independent reading because they are used to listening to instructors ‘ accounts ( Wallace 2005 cited in Jun Zhang2009 ) The similar state of affairs can be found among Persian EFL pupils. In Iran, English is taught as a foreign linguistic communication and is practiced within a context-restricted environment, in which the text edition and schoolroom instructor plays the chief function. Although the reading accomplishment sounds to be of first precedence in the design of the Persian high school books, many Persian EFL scholars still seem to hold serious jobs with geting the ability to read critically. Harmonizing to Koosha and Jafarpour ( 2006 ) this inefficiency seems to be, to some extent, due to the deficiency of definite reading schemes among Persian EFL pupils. Birjandi A ; Noroozi ( 2008 ) states that in Iran ; reading is comparatively viewed as the purpose of linguistic communication instruction and linguistic communication acquisition plans in secondary and third degrees of instruction. Thus, English instructors are expected to acquire familiar with efficient techniques that can hike the degree of scholars ‘ reading comprehension. Higher-level thought arises when pupils read between the lines, look beyond the surface of the text and they are reading to calculate out an reply or to accomplish comprehension. While there is non a recognized demand to hold higher-order thought pattern in the Persian EFL schoolroom, there is non besides a recognized instructional battle with conveying higher-order thought to life in the schoolroom. This indicates a demand to understand the assorted position of critical thought that assists Persian EFL pupils. Tankersley ( 2003 ) states although most English linguistic communication instructors learned about Bloom ‘s Taxonomy ( Bloom, 1956 ) during their readying classs, many rarely challenge pupils beyond the first two degrees of knowledge: cognition and comprehension. While Critical reading is at higher degree of comprehension accomplishments and it involves rating, the devising of a personal judgement on Lie truth, value, and truthfulness of what is read Rubin ( 1993 ) .In malice of Educators acknowledge that the cognitive benefits to all pupils of foreign linguistic communication survey, such as furthering higher-order thought accomplishments, Harmonizing to Dadvand A ; Foruzande ( 2007 ) the structural position of the nature of linguistic communication and the behaviouristic premise among Persian instructors about linguistic communication acquisition which have led to an overemphasis of structural points as the skeleton of linguistic communication and repetition/ memorisation a s the bosom of a successful linguistic communication larning experience.Thus, the reading transitions in Persian high school books are non accompanied by appropriate exercisings. Most of the comprehension inquiries following the reading subdivision inquire show inquiries, which merely require turn uping some pieces of information within the text, i.e. the first two lower degrees of thought and knowledge: cognition and comprehension. Although extended research has been carried out on reading country in Persian EFL schoolroom, no individual survey exists, which have investigated the reading from cognitive dimension and position. The consequences of those surveies besides show the deficiency of definite cognitive reading schemes within Persian high school schoolrooms. Consequently, Students do non hold equal background accomplishments, they understand the text at some superficial degree, and the act of reading is hard and troublesome for them. ( Tankersley2003:2 A ; 91 ) â€Å" Poor readers do non understand that they should take any action when comprehension is lost. Many merely give up since they have no schemes to utilize to cover with hard text. † 1.3. Purpose of the survey The aims of this research are as follow: 1. To place the critical reading schemes employed by Persian EFL pupils. 2. To look into the Persian EFL pupils ‘ reactions and responses to the procedure of learning critical reading. 3. To fix a theoretical account to learn critical reading schemes to Persian EFL pupils. 1.4. The research inquiries of the survey formulated as: 1. What are the critical reading schemes employed by Persian EFL pupils? 2. How do the Iranian EFL pupils react and respond to the procedure of learning critical reading? 3. How to fix a theoretical account to learn critical reading schemes to Persian EFL pupils? 1.5. Significance of the survey The important of this survey is to bridge the spread between the construct of critical reading and existent reading pattern available to instructors and pupils. In peculiar, the survey focused on the highlighted critical reading schemes as a medium to fix Persian EFL pupils for critical reading-the ability to read with analysis and judgement and to promote them to take part actively in reading procedure.The critical reading development will actuate the pupils to happen purpose in reading and measure the intent of the writers and even a touch of exhilaration or challenge to reading. Reading without intent can be frustrating and may cut down motive, comprehension, and efficiency This survey maintains that pupils are holding trouble in reading because they are non having the right reading experiences in school. Most of the clip pupils are asked to reply end-of chapter comprehension inquiries or make full in eternal worksheet infinites. In add-on, most reading that is done in category is unwritten reading with one pupil reading the text aloud and all other pupils listening.. Motivation does non go on for pupils as they are reading or making dull exercisings. The pupil has to be motivated prior to reading. Students have to be taught to believe about a subject in assorted ways before they start to before they start to read. Teaching reading based on critical reading schemes provides many chances for EFL pupils to prosecute in the upper degrees of Bloom ‘s taxonomy. Therefore, the major classs: callback, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and rating of the cognitive sphere of Bloom ‘s Taxonomy encourage EFL pupils to play active functions in larning critical reading in EFL categories. 1.6. OPERATIONAL Definition The followers are the definition of footings used in current survey: 1.6.1. CRITICAL LITERACY Alagozlu ( 2007 ) Critical literacy is a new position in learning English as a foreign linguistic communication, which trains pupils to believe critically and so transforms their thought into some practical action to do a better society. Critical literacy purposes at researching a new position, doing teaching method synchronize with the changed society. Therefore, critical literacy in EFL instruction is extremely important 1.6.2. CRITICAL Reading Wall and Wall ( 2005 ) Critical reading is a manner of reading that will let you to take a deeper expression at text. You will develop an acquired accomplishment with some cognition and experience. To read critically means to read analytically, this means to inquiry and to believe about the written stuff in forepart of you. When you question something, it normally leads to happening replies. There are no right replies when you read-there are merely the writer ‘s purposes and your readings. Critical reading is a manner of looking at a book and analysing what the writer is stating and the methods the writer is utilizing to pass on a message or thought. Your analysis is complete when you have formed your ain readings of the writer ‘s purposes. Learning to read in deepness, with comprehension, and being unfastened to new ways of believing an apprehension can merely get down with an scabies to desire to cognize more, whether it ‘s for your ain personal cognition or for a category. 1.6.3CRITICAL Reading Scheme A assortment of schemes that help pupils read with better apprehension of the stuff. Mastering these schemes will assist pupils manage hard stuff with confidence.A 1.6.4. BLOOM ‘S TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES Krathwohl ( 2002 ) The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives is a model for sorting statements of what instructors expect or intend pupils to larn due to direction. Bloom ( 1956: 26 ) educational aims mean expressed preparations of the ways in which pupils are expected to be changed by the educative procedure. That is, the ways in which they will alter in their thought, their feelings, and their actions. Bloom ‘s Taxonomy is the most common theoretical account for depicting thought. A list of six believing accomplishments arranged from the most basic to the most advanced degree. These descriptions are used to assist instructors and pupils focus on higher-order thought. Bloom lists a hierarchy of accomplishments: cognition, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and rating. 1.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY Having now introduced and motivated the subject, defined the research inquiries, and looked at some of the research germane to the proposed survey, this subdivision is devoted to set uping the theoretical model within which the survey will take topographic point. Eisenhart ( 1991: 205 ) described a theoretical model as â€Å" a construction that guides research by trusting on a formal theoryaˆÂ ¦constructed by utilizing an established, consistent account of certain phenomena and relationships † . 1.7.1. COGNITIVE DOMAIN OF THE BLOOM ‘S TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE Krathwohl, Bloom and Masia ( 1964:7 ) Cognitive aims emphasize retrieving or reproducing something, which has presumptively been learned, every bit good as aims, which involve the resolution of some intellective undertaking for which the person has to find the indispensable job and so reorder given stuff or unite it with thoughts, methods, or procedures antecedently learned. Cognitive aims vary from simple callback of stuff learned to extremely original and originative ways of combine and synthesising new thoughts and stuffs. Bloom ( 1956: 20 ) in the cognitive sphere, particularly, it appears that as the behaviours become more complex, the person is more cognizant of their being. Students are able to give more complete studies of their onslaught on a job as the job becomes more complex, that is, as the job is classified in the more complex categories of rational abilities and accomplishments. 1.7.2. Cognitive LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES Grenfell and Harris ( 1999:44 ) Cognitive schemes are mental battle with linguistic communication in stuffs or undertakings in order to develop understanding and therefore acquisition. Cognitive schemes act on linguistic communication in the acquisition procedure and may be specifically involved in production of linguistic communication. Cognitive schemes besides include many academic and survey or larning accomplishments, for illustration, interlingual rendition, tax write-off, working on keywords, utilizing available resources, mnemonics, taking notes. 1.7.3 HIGHER-ORDER Thinking STRATEGIES Duke and Pearson ( 2002:118 ) six schemes that higher-level readers should utilize to do significance of text as they read. ( 1 ) prediction/activation of anterior cognition, ( 2 ) utilizing think-aloud schemes to supervise comprehension, ( 3 ) utilizing text constructions, ( 4 ) utilizing and building ocular theoretical accounts such as in writing organisers and imagination, ( 5 ) summarizing, and ( 6 ) inquiring and replying inquiries while reading. 1.7.4. Critical Reading STRATEGIES Singh, Chirgwin and Elliott ‘s ( 1997 ) critical reading schemes encourage scholars to utilize each of the cognitive procedures described in the three upper degrees of Bloom ‘s Taxonomy, those normally associated with critical thought accomplishments. Singh et Al. ( 1997 ) modified Bloom ‘s order somewhat, included some procedures more than one time, omitted one type of procedure and included a pretest of bing cognition. This alone scheme engaged pupils in a metacogitive consideration of their ain thought procedures by inquiring them to compare their initial and concluding constructs, warrant why their initial and concluding constructs changed, and eventually to pull decisions about the truth of their thought. Table 1: Comparison of Singh, Chirgwin and Elliott ‘s critical reading scheme with Bloom ‘s Taxonomy Singh, Chirgwin A ; Elliott ‘s Procedures Bloom ‘s Lev EL ‘s of Cognitive Learning Identify and enter their initial constructs Pretest of bing cognition Obtain information through reading Obtaining new cognition Compare initial and concluding constructs Comprehension – looking for similarities and differences State how and why constructs changed Analysis – comparison and contrasting, pulling decisions and back uping the statement Produce a study on differences between initial and concluding constructs Synthesis Give their sentiments on how and why Evaluation Let scholars pull decisions on the truth of their constructs about text. Analysis Cognitive Language Learning Schemes Higher-Order Thinking Schemes Critical Reading Schemes Cognitive Sphere of theBloom’sTaxonomy of Educational Objective Chapter Two Review of Related Literature 2-1.Background of the survey Habsah Hussin ( 1998 ) who investigated the effects of selected critical reading schemes on critical reading public presentation of selected Malayan ESL Secondary School pupils. In 2006, Ainon Jariah Muhamad at Institute of Education International Islamic University Malaysia studied Critical reading schemes in English as a 2nd linguistic communication it was a instance survey of Malayan jurisprudence undergraduates. The consequences of the survey revealed that pupils ‘ attitudes to reading and to reading critically, did hold some influence on the figure and the types of schemes used. The activation of background cognition and related experience were besides helpful in bring forthing the critical responses to academic texts. Veeravagu, Jeyamahla ( 2010 ) at Univesiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ) enquired â€Å" Using Bloom ‘s Taxonomy to Gauge Students ‘ Reading Comprehension Performance † The findings indicated that the degree of believing procedures advocated by Bloom taxonomy had influenced the public presentation of the pupils in the reading comprehension paper. Wallace 2005 cited in zhang: Again, as Wallace has stated, pupils have developed merely one strong â€Å" reading scheme † over the old ages: that of listening to the instructor explicating the text word by word, sentence by sentence. Because reading schoolrooms lack category interaction, pupils are non actively engaged in the meaning-making procedure or, at best, the procedure involves readers ‘ decryption of text. Therefore, the bing cognition of pupils is non efficaciously drawn out for the benefit of the whole category. There is a deficiency of profusion and diverseness in schoolroom activity. † How to cite Empowering Students Through Critical Reading Strategies Education Essay, Essay examples

Severity of Supply Chain Disruptions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Severity of Supply Chain Disruptions. Answer: Introduction: Virgin Airlines Australia is considered to be the second largest airline's company, just next to Qantas. This famous airline is mainly based in Brisbane and was established in 1999. This brand is renowned mostly for the fleet size which is recorded to be 115. Destination location of this brand is known to be 52. Virgin Australia Holdings is the parent group of Virgin Airlines Australia. This organization has gained significant fame and reputation by achieving good product value and customer response within a short time. The company is now able to earn revenue of AUD 4.7 billion in a year (Virginaustralia.com, 2017). This figure is quite impressive for attaining success in the industry. This organization has enough potential of availing AUD 49 million of operating income in a year which is threatening enough for the existing brands. The main strength of the company lies in its efficiency of handling operating varieties with special care by managing organizational benefit and public s atisfaction in a parallel manner. However, the rates of packages and journey expanses are merely high. Thus, it fails somehow in attaining proper customer response. The total asset and equity share of the company are impressive enough in making passengers secured of their safety and care related facts. Thus, the company has enough competitive advantage for attaining future sustainability. A literature review describing how such supply chain and logistics issues are addressed in other similar case studies found in literature: Author has opined that the global economy is deeply influenced by the industrial impact. Thus, airlines face severe constraint in upgrading and continuing their services(Croom, Romano Giannakis 2011). It impacts in the profit margin and operational activities of the company. The crisis may be economic, as the financial crisis of 2007 has caused in decline of profit and challenged the activities as well as desired business structure of the company. Author remarked that the efficiency of Virgin Australia has been interrupted by the economic degradation and the inventory operations were also disturbed by raising the cost, reduced lead time, switching cost (Craighead et al. 2017). The airline's companies mainly face competitive issues in fixing of prices and offered services. As pointed by researchers, such brands confront severe issues and constraints by the raising operational costs that interrupt the growth and budget specific up gradation of the company (Van Wassenhove Pedraza Mart inez 2012). These issues are the high concern for the airline companies as the consolidations and terms are strictly governed by the external factors of it. Author mentioned in his comment that, buffer stock can also create crucial issues in the smooth journey of airlines companies like Virgin Australia(Tang 2016). The systems and regulations of airlines are strictly governed by distinctive policies and system chains (Lin 2013). There are several types and terms and conditions with respect to the employee management and customer security system. The customer satisfaction policies are designed in segmentations so that the right of every individual can be protected. Therefore, the business and procedure of airlines need to follow strategic sourcing in relation to the development of this industry. The Aeroxchange system is also sub-divisional under different segmentations. As remarked by author, the development and future of the industry are keenly impacted by these above-stated issues and thus, these require deep concern(Christopher Holweg 2011). Research methodology you would adopt and identify the type of tools; methods and data collection techniques that would be used to address the supply chain and logistic issues of the organizations: The logistic issues and the supply chain in regard to Virgin Australia needs to undergo a thorough research so that the problems can be solved permanently. For that purpose, the collection of data is immensely required for identification of related factors like trend and demand of customers, their personal choice, the contemporary trend of the market, market situation and specification as well. Therefore, a distinctive way of collecting data needs to be selected. Data collection can be of two types: primary data collection and secondary data collection. To resolve issues of supply chain and logistic, the secondary source of data is mostly effective. This kind of data will be helpful providing real data and reaction of people (Christopher Holweg 2011). This will help generate actual feedback and condition of the present scenario of a market. Visiting websites of helpful companies may be significant in generating valid data. Therefore, secondary data collection method for the research is selected here. Interviewing the employees, crews and managers of the company may also be a helpful source in this case. Gathering information on the repeatedly arising problems and issues and the source of those constraints will help identify the way of the solution. Therefore, non-verbal communication that is primary communication through e-mails and phones, then verbal communications for interviewing the managers and investors will be applied. For the entire purpose, 25 respondents including 15 employees, 5 managers, and 5 investors have been targeted to proceed through the process. Works Cited Christopher, M Holweg, M, 2011, 'Supply Chain 2.0: managing supply chains in the era of turbulence', International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol 41, no. 1, pp. 63-82. Craighead, CW, Blackhurst, J, Rungtusanatham, MJ Handfield, RB 2017, 'The severity of supply chain disruptions: design characteristics and mitigation capabilities.', Decision Sciences, vol 38, no. 1, pp. 131-156. Croom, S, Romano, P Giannakis, M, 2011, 'Supply chain management: an analytical framework for critical literature review', European journal of purchasing supply management, vol 6, no. 1, pp. 67-83. Lin, LC, 2013, 'An integrated framework for the development of radio frequency identification technology in the logistics and supply chain management', Computers Industrial Engineering, vol 57, no. 3, pp. 832-842. Tang, CS, 2016, 'Robust strategies for mitigating supply chain disruptions', International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, vol 9, no. 1, pp. 33-45. Van Wassenhove, LN Pedraza Martinez, AJ, 2012, 'Using OR to adapt supply chain management best practices to humanitarian logistics ', International Transactions in Operational Research, vol 19, no. 1-2, pp. 307-322. Virginaustralia.com, 2017, VIRGINAUSTRALIA, viewed 15 Augut 2017, https://www.virginaustralia.com/ae/en/_cookiesAcceptance/.